Four Probabilities of Pedagogy

From The Iron Laws of Pedagogy by Bryan Caplan. I am not sure that these are actually Iron Laws. More like the default norms of education. Maybe even more aptly, The Four Probabilities of Pedagogy.

First Iron Law: Students learn only a small fraction of what they're taught.

Second Iron Law: Students remember only a small fraction of what they learn.

Third Iron Law: Most of the lessons students remember lack practical applications.

Fourth Iron Law: Even when students remember something with practical applications, they still usually fail to apply what they know... unless you explicitly tell them to do so.