Friday, December 22, 2017

Both sides rowed ships that were strikingly similar

From Carnage and Culture by Victor Davis Hanson. Page 257.

On the Battle of Lepanto.
The discordant Christians, however, still retained enormous advantages over the sultan’s armies. Despite the erosion of hegemonic Western military power with Rome’s fall, most states in Europe proper for more than a thousand years had managed to retain in latent form the cultural traditions of classical antiquity—rationalism, civic militarism, forms of capitalism, ideas of freedom, individualism, reliance on heavy infantry and decisive battle—which allowed them greater military power than their individual populations, resources, or territory would otherwise suggest. The chief problem for Europe was no longer a prevailing pacifism, but near continuous war: the absence of central political control in the Middle Ages after the end of Charlemagne’s kingdom had allowed Western warfare to be used suicidally, in constant internecine and extremely bloody fights between European princes.

The technology of galley construction was far more advanced in the republican city-states of Italy and imperial Spain than in Asia, and far more flexible and likely to evolve to meet new challenges at sea. The entire organization and even terminology of the Turkish fleet was copied from either Venetian or Genoese models, in the same manner as earlier medieval Islamic fleets had emulated Byzantine nautical engineering and naval administration. Both sides rowed ships that were strikingly similar—and exclusively of Italian design. All military innovation—from the cutting off of the galley rams to the creation of the galleasses and the use of boarding nets—was on the European side. Military science—the rebirth of abstract notions of strategy and tactics in the new age of gunpowder—was a Western domain; it was thus no accident that the leading captains of both fleets were European. The sultan himself preferred renegade Italian admirals who were acquainted with European customs and language and therefore far more likely to adapt his galleys to the latest innovations of the enemy.

Ceylon, 1916 by Charles W. Bartlett

Ceylon, 1916 by Charles W. Bartlett

Click to enlarge.

Thursday, December 21, 2017

Politically correct postmodernists make movies no one wants to watch

Fivethirtyeight has a new piece out which is reasonably self-explanatory, The Next Bechdel Test by Walt Hickey, Ella Koeze, Rachael Dottle and Gus Wezerek.
The Bechdel-Wallace Test — more commonly abbreviated to the Bechdel Test — asks two simple questions of a movie: Does it have at least two named female characters?1 And do those characters have at least one conversation that is not about a man? A surprising number of films fail the test. Although the test is punchy and has become pervasive, it doesn’t address the core inequalities in Hollywood films.

That isn’t a knock on the test. Alison Bechdel — an acclaimed cartoonist who was awarded a MacArthur “genius” grant in 2014 and whose memoir was adapted into a Tony Award-winning musical — in no way set out to solve Hollywood sexism when she wrote the test into a comic strip in the mid-1980s. Instead, she was drawing attention to the severity of the problem by showing how low you could set the bar and still watch Hollywood executives trip over it.

A third of the top 50 movies of 2016 failed the Bechdel Test
32 passed

18 failed
Still, 30 years on, we’re not exactly sitting on a superior answer for measuring the movie industry’s gender imbalance. What does the next Bechdel Test look like? The time is ripe for a successor. Is there a short, punchy test we can apply? One that, if movies start passing it, would indicate that the industry is actually becoming better for both the women who make movies and the people who watch them? Is there a new test that could pull the modern film business in the right direction? And if there is, where on earth do we find it?
I must admit to an exasperation with the politically correct/postmodernist crowd, their victimhood, their race obsession, their divisiveness, etc. And yet, the underlying issue remains a valid one from a government perspective - individuals are free to do as they like but government should be neutral, neither favoring one group over another or harming them. Equal rules for everyone.

And so while I object in general to the obsessive dividing of individuals into imposed identities, sometimes interesting insights can arise.

What Fivethirtyeight has done is to go to various postmodernist critical theory people to come up with a range of additional identity measurements (gender, minority, ethnicity, etc.) In fact, they come up with an additional twelve measures of victimhood and a scoring of the top 50 movies in 2017 against those 13 total measures and a nice little chart to go with it.

If identity equity is what you are obsessed with (rather than equality of opportunity) then their approach makes sense even though it smacks of multiple forms of bigotry and intolerance.

But what fascinates me is that they overlook a foundational issue. Performance. In business you invest in what makes the highest return and the Fivethirtyeight people omit that critical measure completely.

I was curious. My impression is that the politically correct postmodernist critical theorist are divorced from reality. They have a conversation all of their own and disdain everyone else, even though everyone else are the great majority. Anecdotally it has seemed to me that the more politically correct a book, song, artwork, movie, a piece is, the less commercially successful. I decided to investigate whether the impression is objectively accurate.

This is a back-of-an-envelope quick and dirty approach. I took the results of their analysis for forty-nine of the movies (I could not find data for the fiftieth) and I looked up the domestic and international revenue gross for each of them.

I then counted the number of Politically Correct Purity tests each of the movies passed. So for example, the movie Bad Moms was the most politically correct, passing eight of the thirteen ideological purity tests. At the other end of the scale, the innocuous sounding Secret Life of Pets only passed one of the tests.

From there, it was a simple matter to match the revenue against the politically correct score.

My hypothesis is that the postmodernist people and their concerns are of little interest to ordinary people and therefore the movies that are most politically correct are also those that generate the least revenue. If you were to graph the results, you would expect the least politically correct movies (scoring a 1) to have the highest average revenue and the most politically correct (scoring an 8) to have the least. A downward sloping demand curve as it were.

And, indeed, that is, with one aberration, what you find.

Click to enlarge.

Again, it is quick-and-dirty. Forty-nine is too small a sample size. These movies have been out for varying lengths of time which will skew the results a bit. The different purity measures focus on different things. All true.

But basically it affirms the null hypothesis that the higher the politically correct purity score, the less likely people are to want to watch the movie.

And interestingly, when you look at domestic versus international movie revenues, Americans are the least averse (though still averse). The most politically correct movie generates only 72% of the domestic revenues in foreign markets. For every dollar in movie viewing in the US, there are only 72 cents of sales internationally.

In contrast, the least politically correct movie, scoring only one pass, generates 144% of domestic revenues in international sales.

The most politically correct movies generate the least money in the US and they are even more unpopular globally. That seems a very relevant factor when considering the performance of movies. Postmodernism doesn't pay the bills.

The whispering past

From Shakespeare The World as Stage by Bill Bryson. Page 18.
Facts are surprisingly delible things, and in four hundred years a lot of them simply fade away. One of the most popular plays of the age was Arden of Faversham, but no one now knows who wrote it. When an author’s identity is known, that knowledge is often marvelously fortuitous. Thomas Kyd wrote the most successful play of its day, The Spanish Tragedy, but we know this only because of a passing reference to his authorship in a document written some twenty years after his death (and then lost for nearly two hundred years).
Reminds me of On the Nature of Things by Lucretius. From the first century B.C. it was influential and widely quoted and mentioned in antiquity but, with the fall of Rome and the dark ages, dwindled to two copies extant when it was rediscovered in January 1417, by Poggio Bracciolini.

Leaves of grass as it were.

The contrast between the ideal life a man wished to lead

From Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy
The 'grimy' features of the story go to show the contrast between the ideal life a man wished to lead and the squalid real life he was fated to live.

Such is the nature of societies that allow dissenting voices and free expression

From Carnage and Culture by Victor Davis Hanson. Page 251.

The culture of communication and writing for broader audiences is so embedded in western countries that we often fail to note how exceptional it is. I am exceptionally interested in military history and it is rare to find other-country reporting on modern conflicts though the tales and learnings are there. They just don't get written down.
Non-Westerners rightly complain about Europe’s monopoly of commemoration, and its hold on the art of history itself. Nowhere was this imbalance more true than in the aftermath of Lepanto, a Western “victory” soon known as such to millions, through published histories, commissioned art, and popular literature. In none of those genres was there any consideration of the battle from the Ottomans’ point of view. Instead, we hear only of the sultan’s postbellum threats to execute Christians in Istanbul, the grand vizier’s scoff that the Ottoman’s beard “was only shaved,” not cut, and various accounts of lamentation among the families of the lost. The few Turkish accounts of the battle were not literary and not widely published, but dry, government-sanctioned, and rigidly formal accounts that had little or no likelihood of appealing to any readership other than a tiny screened government elite in Istanbul. The parameters of inquiry in such court chronicles of Selânki, Ālī, Lokman, and Zeyrek were carefully delineated—if the scribe was not to be exiled or executed. Ottoman sources attributed the Turkish loss to the wrath of Allah and the need for punishment for the sins of wayward Muslims. Vague charges of general impiety and laxity only enhanced the government’s anger at its own people; there was to be little exegesis and analysis concerning the shortcomings in the sultan’s equipment, command, and naval organization.

In contrast, dozens of highly emotive firsthand narratives in Italian and Spanish—often at odds with each other in a factual and an analytical sense—spread throughout the Mediterranean. We know as little of the Turkish experience at Lepanto as we do of the plight of Abd ar-Rahman at Poitiers or the Mexicas at Tenochtitlán. What we do learn of the non-West in battle is secondhand, and most often a result of European investigation and publication. Thus, nearly all of the names of the soldiers of Xerxes, Darius III, Hannibal, Abd ar-Rahman, Montezuma, Selim II, and the Zulu king Cetshwayo are lost to the historical record. The few that are known survive largely to the efforts of an Aeschylus, Herodotus, Arrian, Plutarch, Polybius, Livy, Isidore, Díaz, Rosell, Contarini, Bishop Colenso, or Colonel Hartford, who wrote in an intellectual and political tradition unknown among the Persians, Africans, Aztecs, Ottomans, and Zulus.

Things have changed little today in terms of the exclusive Western monopoly of military history. Six billion people on the planet are more likely to read, hear, or see accounts of the Gulf War (1990) from the American and European vantage points than from the Iraqi. The story of the Vietnam War is largely Western; even the sharpest critics of America’s involvement put little credence in the official communiqués and histories that emanate from communist Vietnam. In the so-called Dark Ages of Europe, more independent histories were still published between A.D. 500 and 1000 than during the entire reigns of the Persian or Ottoman Empire. Whether it is history under Xerxes, the sultan, the Koran, or the Politburo at Hanoi, it is not really history—at least in the Western sense of writing what can offend, embarrass, and blaspheme.

Such is the nature of societies that allow dissenting voices and free expression. Even when European and American citizens openly attack the military conduct of their own governments, candor often has the ironic result only of enhancing Western credibility and furthering its dominance of the dissemination of knowledge. So it was at Lepanto: most readers in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and even throughout Asia are more likely to know of the battle through an account in English, Spanish, French, or Italian—or an allusion in Cervantes, Byron, or Shakespeare—than a sympathetic Ottoman chronicle written in Turkish.

Gifts you might be surprised to find under the tree

The rough Roman equivalent of Christmas was Saturnalia which included gift giving. Book 14 of Martial's Epigrams included a list of appropriate gifts. Presented in the order Martial describes them.

Some of them remain appropriate gifts today (books, pens, a cloak, etc.). Some of them are understandable for the economy of the time but not particularly relevant today (an ear-pick, a night lamp, a sheep's head). Some of them are unique to their time (Strigils, for scraping the skin in the bath, Ball stuffed with feathers, Rods for bird-catching, Hunting-spears, etc.) And some of them would be illegal today such as Ivory Coffers, a Female Dancer Of Cadiz, a Dwarf. Pretty interesting.

Tablets Of Citron-Wood
Tablets (Waxen) Of Five Leaves
Tablets Of Ivory
Tablets Of Three Leaves
Tablets Of Parchment
Vitellian Tablets
The Same
Larger Tablets
Letter-Paper
Ivory Coffers
Wooden Coffers
Ivory Tali, Or Dice
Tesserae
A Dice Box
A Gaming Table
Nuts
A Pen-Case
The Game Of Robbers
Stylus-Cases
A Tooth-Pick
An Ear-Pick
A Golden Hair-Pin
Combs
Pomatum
Mattiac Balls
A Parasol
A Broad-Brimmed Hat
Hunting-Spears
A Hunting-Knife
A Sword And Belt
A Dagger
A Scythe
A Hatchet
Barber's Instruments
A Book-Case
Bundles Of Reed-Pens
A Night-Lamp
A Candle
The Lamp With Several Burners
A Taper
A Corinthian Candelabrum
A Wooden Candlestick
A Paganica, Or Ball Stuffed With Feathers
The Ball For Playing At The Trigon,  Or Three-Cornered Game
The Bladder Football
The Harpasta, Or Small Hand-Ball
Dumb-Bells
A Leather Cap
Strigils, For Scraping The Skin In The Bath
A Common Horn Oil-Flask
An Oil-Flask Of Rhinoceros' Horn
A Child'S Rattle
A Horse-Whip
Tooth Powder
Myrobalanum
Aphronitrum, Or Salt-Petre
Balms
Bean-Flour
A Horn-Lantern
A Lantern Made Of A Bladder
A Reed Pipe
Pipes
Woollen Slippers
A Corset
A Fly-Flap Of Peacock'S Feathers
Rhodian Biscuit
A Priapus Made Of Pastry
A Pig
A Clothes-Brush Of Ox-Tail
A Sausage
A Parrot
A Raven
A Nightingale
A Magpie
An Ivory Cage
A Medicine-Chest
Whips
Canes
A Wallet
Brooms
A Back-Stratcher, In The Shape Of A Hand
A Wooden Book-Covering
A Couch Made Of Citron-Wood,  Called "Peacock-Tailed
 A Saddle
A Dinner Couch
A Dinner-Table Ornamented With The Best Tortoise-Shell
A Citron-Wood Table
A Maple-Wood Table
Ivory Tusks
A Five-Feet Rule
Antique Vases
Common Cups
A Chased Gold Cup
A Vatinian Cup
Dishes Inlaid With Gold
Arretine Vases
A Basket
Panacian Vessels
Boletaria, A Cooking Vessel
Surrentine Cups
A Snow-Strainer
A Snow-Bag
Water-Jugs For The Table
An Earthen Pitcher
Wine Cups
Saguntine Cups
Jewelled Cups
An Ampulla, Or Drinking Flask
Crystal Cups
A Nimbus Of Glass
Myrrhine Cups
A Cumaean Plate
Glass Cups
A Decanter For Snow-Water
Snow
The Same
An Earthen Utensil
A Silver Ligule, Or Small Ladle
A Cochleare 2 (Spoon)
Rings
A Ring-Case
A Toga
The Same
A Warm Cloak
A Brown Cloak Of Canusian Wool
A Gallic Hood
Red Cloaks Of Canusian Wool
A Leathern Cloak
A Scarlet Coat
A Cap
Baetic Cloaks
A Breast-Band
A Dinner Dress
A Woollen Cloak
White Woollen Cloaks
A Table-Cover
A Liburnian Hood
Cilician Socks
A Synthesis, Or Festal Robe
A Muffler
Patavian Woollen Shirts
A Sponge
A Cloak Of Long Hair
A Pillow
Long-Haired Coverlets
A Pair Of Blankets
A Tucker
An Ornamented Coverlet
A Woman's Girdle
A Square Rug
An Apron
Amethyst-Coloured Wools
White Wool
Tyrian Wool
Pollentine Wool
The Same
Mattress-Stuffings Of Leuconium
Circus Stuffing
Feathers
Hay
A Bath Bell
A Quoit
A Lyre
The Same
A Quill For The Lyre
A Hoop
The Same
A Golden Status Of Victory
A Small Statue Of Brutus's Favourite
The Corinthian Lizard-Slayer
A Picture Of Hyacinthus
A Marble Hermaphrodite
A Picture Of Danae
A German Mask
The Corinthian Hercules
A Terra-Cotta Hercules
Minerva In Silver
Europa
The Marble Leander
A Terra-Cotta Figure Of A Hunchback
Homer's "Battle Of The Frogs And Mice"
A Parchment Copy Of Homer
Virgil's "Gnat"
Virgil On Parchment, With Portrait
Menander's "Thais"
Cicero On Parchment
A Copy Of Propertius
Livy In A Single Volume
Sallust
Ovid'S Metamorphoses On Parchment
Tibullus
Lucan
Catullus
Calvus' Poem On Warm And Cold Springs
Dwarf Mules
A Gallic Puppy
A Jennet
The Greyhound
The Wrestler
The Ape
A Female Dancer Of Cadiz
Cymbals
The Favourite
The Cestus
The Same
A Short-Hand Writer
A Shell
The Buffoon
A Sheep's Head
A Dwarf
A Small Shield
Young Comedians
A Clasp
A Hawk
A Caterer
Rods For Bird-Catching
A Bullock's Heart
The Cook
A Gridiron And Spit
The Confectioner
Rich Breakfasts

The tide of cognitive pollution rolls on

An interesting example of cognitive pollution, confirmation bias, and ideological interpretation over fact-checking and empiricism. From A miracle of wrong: Hanna Rosin error reborn in Mark Regnerus book by Philip N. Cohen.
I’ve been working on my review of Mark Regnerus’s new book, Cheap Sex, in 10-minute power bursts. Here’s one funny thing I noticed: Hanna Rosin’s most prominent error from The End of Men apparently repeated telephone-style by Regnerus.

In the Atlantic article, which led to her TED Talk and then book (full review), The End of Men, Hanna Rosin’s editor chose two dramatic statements that were wrong to lead with:
The two factual claims were:
Earlier this year, women became the majority of the workforce for the first time in U.S. history.

Most managers are now women too.
But these claims were untrue.
That year, 2010, women were not the majority of the workforce, and most managers were not women. And they still aren’t. What was true was that for 10 months women outnumbered men in what the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports as the “nonfarm payroll,” from June 2009 to March 2010. In every month before and since, men have been the majority. Here’s that trend, by month:


[snip]

It’s not “the workforce,” but it is a good indicator of shocks to the economy — private companies may lay people off immediately, while self-employed people still consider themselves employed even if they’re suddenly losing money. Anyway, in the BLS’s household survey that asks people if they are working, the Current Population Survey, there were about 10 million more people counted as employed, and men’s majority have never been threatened. This is a reasonably called “the workforce.” Note the time trend here is longer, and it’s annual:


The source of the wrong statement about managers is just Rosin combining managerial and professional specialty jobs into “managers,” which she also did in the TED Talk, which is just wrong. Professionals include a lot of women, like nurses and teachers. The managerial occupations have never been majority-female either. Both are important, but only one fit her narrative.
So Rosen built a whole narrative that received a lot of attention on the back of two factually incorrect assumptions.

A classic example of cognitive pollution, an inexhaustible topic.

The half-life of cognitive pollution can be exceptionally long. Cohen is reviewing a book by Mark Regnerus.
Anyway, the point of this is that Mark Regnerus picked up this meme — which Rosin popularized but lots of other media repeated — and stated it as current fact in his 2017 book. So powerful (among those not powerfully applying themselves) is the idea of automatic gender progress in one direction, that this is not the kind of thing they think they will ever have to check again. Once women pass a milestone, it’s passed, period.
Imagine writing a whole book based on incorrect assumptions. And not just incorrect assumptions but objectively demonstrable incorrect assumptions. Cognitive pollution breed cognitive pollution.

Misty Night, Danbury, 1947 by Martin Lewis

Misty Night, Danbury, 1947 by Martin Lewis

Click to enlarge.

Wednesday, December 20, 2017

Progress everywhere

This isn't the old South Carolina.